View of the Temple of Romulus, or the basilica of Santi Cosma e Damiano as it is now known in the Roman Forum. "It is a round, little temple, which was built by emperor Maxentius for his young son Romulus after his death in 309 AD, Maxentius was the opponent of Constantine, the building of the temple was finished under Constantine, after the battle of the Milvic Bridge in 312 AD, of the round central brick building, the original bronze door has been preserved, in the Middle Ages this door was used as the entrance to the church of SS. Cosma Damiano," from the Forum Romanum website.
Reproduction Type
jpg
Copyright Statement
(c) 2013 Lawrence Technological University. All images associated with the LTU Digital Collection are protected by United States.
View of the domed ceiling of the Pantheon in Rome, with the opening at the very top. "The dome is constructed of stepped rings of solid concrete with less and less density as lighter aggregate (pumice) is used, diminishing in thickness to about 1.2 m (4 feet) at the edge of the oculus, the dome rests on a cylinder of masonry walls 6 m (20 feet), hidden voids and the interior recesses hollow out this construction, so that it works less as a solid mass and more like three continuous arcades which correspond to the three tiers of relieving arches visible on the building exterior, originally, these exterior walls were faced with colored marbles," from Architecture Week's Great Buildings website.
Material/Medium
concrete
Measurements
Dome span 142 feet
Reproduction Type
Digital photograph
Reproduction Source
jpg
Copyright Statement
(c) 2013 Lawrence Technological University. All images associated with the LTU Digital Collection are protected by United States copyright law. Duplication or sale of all or part of any of the data or images is not permitted without consent of the copyright holder.
Interior view of the Pantheon with columns and niches. "The interior volume is a cylinder above which springs the half sphere of the dome, a whole sphere can be inscribed in the interior volume, with the diameter at the floor of the cylinder of 43.3 m (143 feet) equaling the interior height, five rows of twenty-eight square coffers of diminishing size radiate from the central unglazed oculus with a diameter of 8.7 m (29 feet) at the top of the dome," from Architecture Week's Great Buildings website.
Material/Medium
concrete
Measurements
Dome span: 142 feet, diameter at floor of cylinder: 143 feet.
Reproduction Type
digital photograph
Reproduction Source
jpg
Copyright Statement
(c) 2013 Lawrence Technological University. All images associated with the LTU Digital Collection are protected by United States copyright law. Duplication or sale of all or part of any of the data or images is not permitted without consent of the copyright holder.
Severus, Lucius Septimius--Emperor of Rome--146-211
Description
View of the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome, Italy. "The Arch of Septimius Severus was erected in 203 AD in honor of Septimius Severus' tenth anniversary since he took power, the arch is in triumph of his victory over the Parthians in 197 AD, in which after successive battles at Nisibis, Seleucia, Edessa, and Babylon, he finally took the capital of Ctesiphon and annexed the territories of Mesopotamia and Assyria, for this, he took the name, Arabicus Adiabenicus Parthicus, the arch (20.88 m high, 23.27 m wide and 11.20 m deep) is made of travertine and brick and is revetted with Pentelic marble, on the central spandrels of this triple bay arch are representations of winged victories with allegories of the four seasons at their feet, on the minor spandrels, depictions of fluvial allegories are carved; these all are interpreted that Septimius Severus brings victory at all times of year and to all places, the arch is located on the northeast corner of the forum, across from the Parthian Arch of Tiberius and diagonally across the forum from the Parthian Arch of Augustus, effectively associating Septimius Severus with these two Julio-Claudian emperors who also fought in Parthia," from Dartmouth College's Classic's Department website.
Material/Medium
white marble
Measurements
20.88m total in height, 23.27 in width, 11.2 in depth
Reproduction Type
digital photograph
Reproduction Source
jpg
Copyright Statement
(c) 2013 Lawrence Technological University. All images associated with the LTU Digital Collection are protected by United States copyright law. Duplication or sale of all or part of any of the data or images is not permitted without consent of the copyright holder.
Exterior view of the Colosseum in Rome, Italy showing arches and partially dismantled structure. "The Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater was begun by Vespasian, inaugurated by Titus in 80 A.D. and completed by Domitian, located on marshy land between the Esquiline and Caelian Hills, it was the first permanent amphitheater to be built in Rome, its monumental size and grandeur as well as its practical and efficient organization for producing spectacles and controlling the large crowds make it one of the great architectural monuments achieved by the ancient Romans, the amphitheater is a vast ellipse with tiers of seating for 50,000 spectators around a central elliptical arena, below the wooden arena floor, there was a complex set of rooms and passageways for wild beasts and other provisions for staging the spectacles, eighty walls radiate from the arena and support vaults for passageways, stairways and the tiers of seats, at the outer edge circumferential arcades link each level and the stairways between levels, the three tiers of arcades are faced by three-quarter columns and entablatures, Doric in the first story, Ionic in the second, and Corinthian in the third, above them is an attic story with Corinthian pilasters and small square window openings in alternate bays, at the top brackets and sockets carry the masts from which the velarium, a canopy for shade, was suspended, the construction utilized a careful combination of types: concrete for the foundations, travertine for the piers and arcades, tufa infill between piers for the walls of the lower two levels, and brick-faced concrete used for the upper levels and for most of the vaults," from The Architecture Week's Great Buildings Collection website.
Material/Medium
concrete
travertine
Measurements
615 ft x 510 feet (ellipse), 158 feet tall
Reproduction Type
digital photograph
Reproduction Source
jpeg
Copyright Statement
(c) 2013 Lawrence Technological University. All images associated with the LTU Digital Collection are protected by United States copyright law. Duplication or sale of all or part of any of the data or images is not permitted without consent of the copyright holder.
Exterior view of the Colosseum in Rome, Italy showing arches and partially dismantled structure. "The Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater was begun by Vespasian, inaugurated by Titus in 80 A.D. and completed by Domitian, located on marshy land between the Esquiline and Caelian Hills, it was the first permanent amphitheater to be built in Rome, its monumental size and grandeur as well as its practical and efficient organization for producing spectacles and controlling the large crowds make it one of the great architectural monuments achieved by the ancient Romans, the amphitheater is a vast ellipse with tiers of seating for 50,000 spectators around a central elliptical arena, below the wooden arena floor, there was a complex set of rooms and passageways for wild beasts and other provisions for staging the spectacles, eighty walls radiate from the arena and support vaults for passageways, stairways and the tiers of seats, at the outer edge circumferential arcades link each level and the stairways between levels, the three tiers of arcades are faced by three-quarter columns and entablatures, Doric in the first story, Ionic in the second, and Corinthian in the third, above them is an attic story with Corinthian pilasters and small square window openings in alternate bays, at the top brackets and sockets carry the masts from which the velarium, a canopy for shade, was suspended, the construction utilized a careful combination of types: concrete for the foundations, travertine for the piers and arcades, tufa infill between piers for the walls of the lower two levels, and brick-faced concrete used for the upper levels and for most of the vaults," from The Architecture Week's Great Buildings Collection website.
Material/Medium
concrete
Measurements
615 ft x 510 feet (ellipse); 158 feet tall
Reproduction Type
digital photograph
Reproduction Source
jpeg
Copyright Statement
(c) 2013 Lawrence Technological University. All images associated with the LTU Digital Collection are protected by United States copyright law. Duplication or sale of all or part of any of the data or images is not permitted without consent of the copyright holder.
Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral : Florence, Italy)
cathedrals (buildings)
facades
Description
View of the west facade of the Santa Maria del Fiore. "This facade was erected between 1857-87 and designed by Emilio de Fabris and Augustino Conti," by Mary Ann Sullivan, Bluffton University. "...a series of three competitions were held to modify Giotto's original design, keeping with the main lines of the structure. The challenge for the competition was to create a facade which brought together two periods in architecture: the Gothic style, which had faded out, and the Renaissance style, which was more recent. In 1871, Fabris' design won, and he immediately went to work embellishing the cathedral with red, green, and white marble," from archInForm website.
Material/Medium
marble (rock)
Reproduction Type
digital photograph
Reproduction Source
jpg
Copyright Statement
(c) 2013 Lawrence Technological University. All images associated with the LTU Digital Collection are protected by United States copyright law. Duplication or sale of all or part of any of the data or images is not permitted without consent of the copyright holder.
"This was the last of the three parts of the cathedral complex to be designed and even it was altered from Giotto's original design by Andrea Pisano, who worked on the bell tower after Giotto's death. (Giotto died three years after it was begun.) The free-standing tower gives an image of power," Mary Ann Sullivan, Bluffton University.
Material/Medium
marble (rock)
stone (rock)
Reproduction Type
digital photograph
Reproduction Source
jpg
Copyright Statement
(c) 2013 Lawrence Technological University. All images associated with the LTU Digital Collection are protected by United States copyright law. Duplication or sale of all or part of any of the data or images is not permitted without consent of the copyright holder.
Exterior view of the Colosseum in Rome, Italy showing arches and partially dismantled structure. "The Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater was begun by Vespasian, inaugurated by Titus in 80 A.D. and completed by Domitian, located on marshy land between the Esquiline and Caelian Hills, it was the first permanent amphitheater to be built in Rome, its monumental size and grandeur as well as its practical and efficient organization for producing spectacles and controlling the large crowds make it one of the great architectural monuments achieved by the ancient Romans, the amphitheater is a vast ellipse with tiers of seating for 50,000 spectators around a central elliptical arena, below the wooden arena floor, there was a complex set of rooms and passageways for wild beasts and other provisions for staging the spectacles, eighty walls radiate from the arena and support vaults for passageways, stairways and the tiers of seats, at the outer edge circumferential arcades link each level and the stairways between levels, the three tiers of arcades are faced by three-quarter columns and entablatures, Doric in the first story, Ionic in the second, and Corinthian in the third, above them is an attic story with Corinthian pilasters and small square window openings in alternate bays, at the top brackets and sockets carry the masts from which the velarium, a canopy for shade, was suspended, the construction utilized a careful combination of types: concrete for the foundations, travertine for the piers and arcades, tufa infill between piers for the walls of the lower two levels, and brick-faced concrete used for the upper levels and for most of the vaults," from The Architecture Week's Great Buildings Collection website.
"The exterior borrows from Greek architectural orders. Each arch of the arcades is framed by engaged columns; from the bottom to the top, the columns are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian with Corinthian pilasters in the attic. The attic has small windows which once alternated with bronze plaques (now lost)," by Mary Ann Sullivan, Bluffton University.
Material/Medium
concrete
travertine
Measurements
615 ft x 510 feet (ellipse), 158 feet tall
Reproduction Type
digital photograph
Reproduction Source
jpeg
Copyright Statement
(c) 2013 Lawrence Technological University. All images associated with the LTU Digital Collection are protected by United States copyright law. Duplication or sale of all or part of any of the data or images is not permitted without consent of the copyright holder.
View of the temple of Ceres later acknowledged as the Temple of Athena at Paestum, Italy. "The temple contains a number of unusual and innovative features in its design. The combination of materials in the frieze of the temple is an unusual feature. The absence of a horizontal cornice, and the presence of carved coffers under the eaves created by the extension of the raking cornice are also eccentric. For the first time in Italy, Ionic columns are incorporated in a Doric temple. The Ionic columns stood on bases with a circular disc surmounted by a torus molding. Their capitals are of archaic design, with a convex cushion, and a large convex eye in the center of the volute. An egg-and-dart molding appears below the cushion of the capital. Additional Ionic features in the temple are the presence of Ionic moldings, including an egg-and-dart, on the exterior of the building above the frieze, and the emphasis on the east facade of the temple through the use of a wider ambulatory than on the flanks. The east facade is further emphasized through the elaboration of the pronaos with its Ionic columns. The capitals of the exterior colonnade were decorated with carved anthemion designs, possibly reflecting the influence of the Temple of Hera I nearby. The Doric columns also employ entasis, although not as pronounced as the entasis of the columns of the Temple of Hera I. The identification of the temple as belonging to Athena, not Ceres/Demeter as proposed in the eighteenth century, is now secure based on the discovery of over one hundred terracotta votive figurines depicting Athena, and a later pottery sherd with the archaic Latin inscription [M]ENERV[AE]," from Perseus Digital Library.
Material/Medium
stone (rock)
Reproduction Type
digital photograph
Reproduction Source
jpg
Copyright Statement
(c) 2013 Lawrence Technological University. All images associated with the LTU Digital Collection are protected by United States copyright law. Duplication or sale of all or part of any of the data or images is not permitted without consent of the copyright holder.