View of sculpture from north frieze of the Parthenon in Athens, Greece of men and horses. "The traditional interpretation of the Parthenon frieze is that it depicts, in some sense, a Panathenaic procession, part of the festival of the same name celebrated each year on the occasion of Athena's birthday ... A large proportion of the frieze, i.e. all of the west and most of the north and south sides, is devoted to the cavalcade. The beginning sections depict individual horses, horsemen and marshals. On the north and south sides the riders are separated into ranks ... It is often noted that the Parthenon frieze breaks ground in depicting a historical rather than a mythological event. Yet the frieze includes divinities and probably heroes, and though accounts of the procession are incomplete, it is certain that this representation does not seek to realistically depict the event,--Perseus Digital Library.
Side view of statue of human figure leaning forward with an animal figure (horse?) on the human's back by Mimmo Paladino at the Meijer Sculpture Gardens in Grand Rapids, Michigan. "Mimmo Paladino studied art in his hometown of Benevento, Italy, and has become an accomplished painter, printmaker, sculptor and draughtsman. He still resides in Benevento. His work focuses on stylized, abstracted images and narrative subjects. In Tana, the textures he uses enhance the dream-like nature of the piece. Tana also makes use of Paladino’s knowledge of geometry and physics in the balance of shapes and volumes. In this work, the face appears mask-like, with the eyes and mouth open"--Meijer Sculpture Gardens website.
Detail view of a hoof of The American Horse sculpture by Nina Akamu at the Meijer Sculpture Gardens in Grand Rapids, Michigan. "A monument to creativity, The American Horse was created by famed animaliere or animal sculptor, Nina Akamu. The work was inspired, in part, by a work created by Renaissance master Leonardo da Vinci for the Duke of Milan in the late 15th century. The project was championed by Frederik Meijer in the late 1990's, resulting in two casts of the 24-foot monument—one for Meijer Gardens and one for the city of Milan, Italy. In addition, to inspiration from Leonardo, Akamu was also inspired by the history of equine imagery and the study of horses"--Meijer Sculpture Gardens website.
View from below looking up at bronze sculpture by Nina Akamu at the Meijer Sculpture Gardens in Grand Rapids, Michigan. "A monument to creativity, The American Horse was created by famed animaliere or animal sculptor, Nina Akamu. The work was inspired, in part, by a work created by Renaissance master Leonardo da Vinci for the Duke of Milan in the late 15th century. The project was championed by Frederik Meijer in the late 1990's, resulting in two casts of the 24-foot monument—one for Meijer Gardens and one for the city of Milan, Italy. In addition, to inspiration from Leonardo, Akamu was also inspired by the history of equine imagery and the study of horses"--Meijer Sculpture Gardens website.
View from below looking up at The American Horse by Nina Akamu at the Meijer Sculpture Gardens in Grand Rapids, Michigan. "A monument to creativity, The American Horse was created by famed animaliere or animal sculptor, Nina Akamu. The work was inspired, in part, by a work created by Renaissance master Leonardo da Vinci for the Duke of Milan in the late 15th century. The project was championed by Frederik Meijer in the late 1990's, resulting in two casts of the 24-foot monument—one for Meijer Gardens and one for the city of Milan, Italy. In addition, to inspiration from Leonardo, Akamu was also inspired by the history of equine imagery and the study of horses"--Meijer Sculpture Gardens website.
View of bronze sculpture, "Cabin Creek" by Deborah Butterfield at the Meijer Sculpture Gardens in Grand Rapids, Michigan. "For the past decade, she has been making bronze work, cast from “stray, downed pieces of wood.” Butterfield carefully, intuitively, selects the branches and sticks which are used to "draw" her horses. "The lines of the branches do not simply outline the forms of horses, they create the contours through an accumulation of simple or energetic lines that seem to build up from within. This is three-dimensional gesture drawing, and the result is both skeletal and muscular." These models or “ghosts” (as the artist refers to them) are then cast, burning the wood away with molten bronze, creating one, unique sculpture to which she then methodically, expertly applies her patina"--Danese Corey Gallery website.
View of bronze sculpture, "Cabin Creek" by Deborah Butterfield at the Meijer Sculpture Gardens in Grand Rapids, Michigan. "Deborah Butterfield’s work focuses on the spirit and form of the horse as an intelligent mare rather than as a war horse which is usually illustrated in art. Cabin Creek is the name of the location where Butterfield found a variety of materials for this sculpture. First, she assembled the found materials to form an image of a horse. Then each piece of wood was meticulously translated into bronze, patinated, then reassembled. Such a process allows Butterfield to create works appropriate for outdoor placement"--Meijer Sculpture Gardens website.
View of bronze sculpture, "Cabin Creek" by Deborah Butterfield at the Meijer Sculpture Gardens in Grand Rapids, Michigan. "For the past decade, she has been making bronze work, cast from “stray, downed pieces of wood.” Butterfield carefully, intuitively, selects the branches and sticks which are used to "draw" her horses. "The lines of the branches do not simply outline the forms of horses, they create the contours through an accumulation of simple or energetic lines that seem to build up from within. This is three-dimensional gesture drawing, and the result is both skeletal and muscular." These models or “ghosts” (as the artist refers to them) are then cast, burning the wood away with molten bronze, creating one, unique sculpture to which she then methodically, expertly applies her patina"--Danese Corey Gallery website.
View of bronze sculpture, "Cabin Creek" by Deborah Butterfield at the Meijer Sculpture Gardens in Grand Rapids, Michigan. "Deborah Butterfield’s work focuses on the spirit and form of the horse as an intelligent mare rather than as a war horse which is usually illustrated in art. Cabin Creek is the name of the location where Butterfield found a variety of materials for this sculpture. First, she assembled the found materials to form an image of a horse. Then each piece of wood was meticulously translated into bronze, patinated, then reassembled. Such a process allows Butterfield to create works appropriate for outdoor placement"--Meijer Sculpture Gardens website.
Detail view of tall, narrow windows at the Ford Werke factory under construction in Cologne, Germany, designed by Essen architect, Edmund Körner. With horse-drawn carts in foreground. “During the global economic crisis, the mayor of the time, Konrad Adenauer, succeeded in getting Ford to build a complete plant for the German market in Cologne. The city provided the company for the industrial area north of Niehl on the banks of the Rhine. The design of Essen Professor Edmund Körner was carried out within a few months. Körner combined offices, power plants and production halls in a single structure, following American ideas of the integrated factory: the multi-storey office wing forms a flank of the production halls; the power station mediates between office and hall (Rhein) front. The factory, built as a mixture of reinforced concrete and steel construction, has a brick between slender, clad profiles, which were originally dark, later painted white,”—Rheinische Industriekultur website. Photo by Detroit architect, Albert Kahn. The word, "Cologne" is hand written on front of photograph.